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Portable Document Format. PDF fixes the layout of a page, which is why converting out of one is always a reconstruction.

PDF is the Portable Document Format, standardised as ISO 32000. It describes finished pages: text with embedded fonts, vector graphics and images placed at fixed coordinates, so a page renders identically everywhere. It is a final-form format rather than an editable document format, which is what makes extraction harder than it looks.

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What a PDF file is

A PDF is a page description, not a document model. Inside are content streams of drawing operators: set this font, move to this coordinate, show these glyphs, fill this path. Fonts are usually embedded, often subsetted to only the glyphs used. There is no paragraph, no table, no heading and no reading order unless someone deliberately tagged the file for accessibility.

That is why every conversion out of a PDF is a reconstruction. Turning a PDF back into a Word document or a spreadsheet means inferring structure from position: glyphs that share a baseline probably form a line, lines with matching left edges probably form a paragraph, and a grid of aligned text runs is probably a table. Good tools infer well; none of them recover information the file never held.

A scanned PDF holds no text at all, only page images, so extracting from it needs optical character recognition first. If selecting text in a viewer produces nothing, that is the file you have.

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